Capacitors zifite imiterere myiza myinshi. Zibika ingufu nk'amashanyarazi aho kuba ingufu za shimi, kimwe mu bya mbere. Ibi akenshi bituma zibasha gushya vuba kandi zigatanga umusaruro mwinshi cyane. Zishobora kurokoka ibihumbi amagana by'imirasire yo gushya, aho kurokoka ibihumbi amagana by'imirasire yo gushya kuri bateri zikora. None se ikibazo ni ikihe?
Bateri itanga ingufu zihoraho mu gihe kirekire. Bitewe n'igikoresho, ushobora kugira ibibazo by'imikorere hafi yo kugabanuka. Urugero, telefoni zigendanwa zijya mu buryo bwo kuzigama ingufu. Ibyo si ukugira ngo zikomeze gukora igihe kirekire gusa, ahubwo ni ukugira ngo hirindwe kuzimya ako kanya nta nteguza.
Nkuko mubibona, voltage iragabanuka uko bateri igenda irushaho kunanirwa. Muri telefoni yawe, hari circuit yo guhindura ingufu, igice cy’imicungire y’amashanyarazi muri rusange, ikora kugira ngo ihindure ingufu za bateri zidahindagurika cyane mu ngufu za sisitemu zigenzurwa neza cyane (wenda voltage nyinshi zitandukanye). Menya ko hari isano ikomeye hano: power=current∗voltage. Rero kugira ngo ingufu zigume zimwe, nkuko voltage igabanuka, circuit yanjye igomba gukurura umuriro mwinshi.
Bateri yose ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana gato imbere, kandi kubera indi sano, yitwa Ohm's Law, uzi ko hazabaho voltage igabanuka muri bateri. Mu gishushanyo, Vout=V0−r∗I, aho I ari umuriro. Bityo, uko V0 yanjye igabanuka kandi urwego rwanjye rwo gucunga ingufu rugomba gukurura umuriro mwinshi kugira ngo rutange ingufu zimwe, voltage isohoka ya bateri igabanuka vuba kurushaho. Ibi bigabanya ingufu ntarengwa za bateri, kandi bivuze ko zigabanuka vuba cyane iyo zegereje kunanirwa.
Ariko ingufu zisohoka, umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, n’imbaraga zose muri capacitor zigabanuka cyane uko igihe kigenda gihita. Capacitor ifite inyungu imwe: ni ukubika umuriro w’amashanyarazi, aho guhindura umuriro w’amashanyarazi ukawuhindura umuriro w’ibinyabutabire nk’uko bigenda muri batiri, bityo nubwo hari ubushobozi bwo guhangana imbere, ni muto kandi akenshi ushobora kwirengagizwa. Capacitors zishobora gutanga umuvuduko mwinshi cyane mu gihe gito.
Ariko ku bijyanye no gukoresha ingufu, biragoye. Wibuke icyifuzo cyanjye cyo gukomeza gukoresha ingufu zihoraho mu buryo bwanjye bwo gucunga ingufu, kandi izo ngufu = amashanyarazi y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Uko amashanyarazi yacu agabanuka vuba, tugomba kuyakoresha mu kongera ingufu kugira ngo dutange ingufu zimwe. Imiyoboro miremire cyane ituma habaho uruziga ruhenze cyane, ibice binini byo guhindura ingufu, gutakaza ingufu nyinshi mu mbaho z'uruziga, nibindi… ikibazo nk'icyo bateri ifite hafi kurangira, ariko ibi bitangiye kubaho kare cyane mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwiza bwa capacitor. Kandi uko capacitor igabanuka, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, nubwo ukiri hejuru cyane, nawo uragabanuka.
Ikindi kibazo ni uko ultracapacitors zigezweho zifite ingufu nke cyane kurusha bateri. ultracaps nziza ku isoko zikoresha Wh 8-10/kg, nyinshi zimeze nka Wh 5/kg. Bateri nziza za Li-ion zitanga hafi Wh 200/kg, formulations nyinshi zishobora kugera kuri Wh 100/kg. Bityo ukeneye uburemere bungana na 20 kugira ngo ukoreshe ultracaps. Ariko birashoboka cyane, kubera ko mu gihe cyo gusohora, bitewe n'uko ikoreshwa, voltage izagabanuka cyane ku buryo idashobora gukoreshwa, bigatuma ingufu zidakoreshwa. Ikindi kandi, bitandukanye na capacitors zisanzwe, ultracapacitors nazo zifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana imbere. Bityo, ntabwo zishobora gushyigikira cyane ubucuruzi bwa voltage ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi.
Hanyuma hari ukwishyiramo umuriro: ni gute ingufu zisohoka vuba mu gikoresho cyo kubika. Uturemangingo twa NiMh twonyine turakomeye, ariko kwishyiramo umuriro ku kigero cya 20–30% ku kwezi. Uturemangingo twa Li-ion tugabanya ibi bigera kuri <2% ku kwezi bitewe n'ikoranabuhanga rya Li-ion, wenda 3% muri sisitemu zimwe na zimwe bitewe n'amafaranga yo kugenzura bateri. Ultracapacitors zo muri iki gihe zigabanukaho kugeza kuri 50% by'amashanyarazi mu kwezi kwa mbere. Ibyo bishobora kuba ntacyo bitwaye mu gikoresho gishyuzwa umuriro buri munsi, ariko bigabanya cyane uburyo bwo gukoresha imigozi ugereranije na bateri, nibura kugeza igihe hakozwe imiterere myiza.
Kandi kubera ko ukeneye nyinshi, igiciro cy'ubu cya ultracapacitors gishobora kuba inshuro 6-20 z'igiciro cya batiri. Niba porogaramu yawe ikeneye ingufu nke cyane, cyane cyane iyo umuriro ukabije uzamuka, ultracap ishobora kuba amahitamo. Bitabaye ibyo, ntabwo izaba ari yo isimbura batiri mu gihe cya vuba.
Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi menshi nk'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ntabwo ari ikintu cy'ingirakamaro kugeza ubu, nk'ikintu cyihariye. Nubwo sisitemu zikoresha ultracaps na bateri zishobora kuba nziza, kubera ko itandukaniro ryazo riruzuzanya cyane, ko umuriro mwinshi utuma bateri iramba kandi ikaba iramba ugereranyije n'ubucucike bw'ingufu/ingufu bwihariye bwa bateri. Kandi hari akazi kenshi karimo gukorwa kugira ngo batange ultracapacitors nziza cyane, ndetse na bateri nziza cyane. Rero wenda umunsi umwe ultracap izafata izindi nshingano zisanzwe za bateri.
inkuru yavuye kuri: https://qr.ae/pCacU0
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-06-2026