Sobanukirwa nuburyo Umuyoboro ukora: Kwibira cyane mumikorere, mubikorwa, ningaruka

Imiyoboro iragaragara hose kwisi ya elegitoroniki, shingiro ryimikorere yibikoresho na sisitemu bitabarika. Biroroshye mubishushanyo byabo ariko biratandukanye cyane mubikorwa byabo. Kugira ngo dushimire byimazeyo uruhare rwa capacator mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ni ngombwa gucengera mu miterere yabyo, amahame shingiro, imyitwarire mu muzunguruko, n'ubugari bwibikorwa byabo. Ubu bushakashatsi bwuzuye buzatanga ibisobanuro byuzuye byukuntu ubushobozi bwa capacator bukora, bugera no ku ngaruka zabyo ku ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’ubushobozi bwabo bw'ejo hazaza.

Imiterere Yibanze ya Capacitor

Ku nkingi yacyo, capacitor igizwe nibisahani bibiri bitwara ibintu bitandukanijwe nibikoresho bizwi nka dielectric. Iyi miterere shingiro irashobora kugerwaho muburyo butandukanye, uhereye kubintu byoroshye bigereranywa na plaque ya capacitori kugeza kubishushanyo mbonera bigoye nka silindrike cyangwa capacitori. Isahani ikora mubisanzwe ikozwe mubyuma, nka aluminium cyangwa tantalum, mugihe ibikoresho bya dielectric bishobora kuva kuri ceramic kugeza kuri firime ya polymer, bitewe nibisabwa byihariye.

Isahani ihujwe numuzenguruko wo hanze, mubisanzwe unyuze muri terefone zemerera gukoresha voltage. Iyo umuyaga ushyizwe hejuru yisahani, umurima wamashanyarazi ubyara muri dielectric, biganisha ku kwegeranya kwishyurwa kumasahani - byiza kuri plaque imwe nibindi bibi kurundi. Uku gutandukanya kwishyurwa nuburyo bwibanze bukoreshwaubushobozikubika ingufu z'amashanyarazi.

Imyifatire Yinyuma Yububiko

Inzira yo kubika ingufu muri capacitor igengwa namahame ya electrostatike. Iyo voltage

V ikoreshwa hejuru yamasahani ya capacitor, umurima wamashanyarazi

E ikura mubikoresho bya dielectric. Uyu murima ukoresha imbaraga kuri electron yubusa mumasahani yayobora, bigatuma bagenda. Electron yegeranya ku isahani imwe, igatera umuriro mubi, mugihe iyindi sahani itakaza electron, igahinduka neza.

Ibikoresho bya dielectric bigira uruhare runini mukuzamura ubushobozi bwa capacitori yo kubika amafaranga. Irabikora mukugabanya umurima wamashanyarazi hagati yamasahani kumubare runaka wububiko wabitswe, byongera neza ubushobozi bwigikoresho. Ubushobozi

C isobanurwa nkigipimo cyamafaranga

Q yabitswe ku masahani kugeza kuri voltage

V wasabye:

Iri gereranya ryerekana ko capacitance ihwanye neza nubushakashatsi bwabitswe kuri voltage yatanzwe. Igice cya capacitance ni farad (F), yitiriwe Michael Faraday, umupayiniya mubushakashatsi bwa electromagnetism.

Ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kubushobozi bwa capacitor:

1. Ubuso bwubuso bwibibaho: Isahani nini irashobora kubika amafaranga menshi, biganisha kuri capacitance yo hejuru.
2. Intera Hagati yamasahani: Intera ntoya yongerera ingufu amashanyarazi kandi, bityo, ubushobozi.
3. Ibikoresho bya dielectric: Ubwoko bwa dielectric bugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwa capacitori yo kubika amafaranga. Ibikoresho bifite dielectric ihoraho (permittivite) byongera ubushobozi.

Mu buryo bufatika, ubushobozi busanzwe bufite ubushobozi buva kuri picofarad (pF) kugeza kuri farad (F), bitewe nubunini bwabyo, igishushanyo mbonera, nuburyo bugenewe gukoreshwa.

Kubika Ingufu no Kurekura

Ingufu zibitswe muri capacitor nigikorwa cyubushobozi bwacyo hamwe na kare ya voltage hejuru yamasahani yayo. Ingufu

E yabitswe irashobora kugaragazwa nka:

Iri gereranya ryerekana ko ingufu zibitswe muri capacitor ziyongera hamwe na capacitance hamwe na voltage. Icyangombwa, uburyo bwo kubika ingufu muri capacator butandukanye nubwa bateri. Mugihe bateri zibika ingufu za chimique hanyuma zikarekura buhoro, capacator zibika ingufu za electrostatike kandi zirashobora kurekura hafi ako kanya. Itandukaniro rituma ubushobozi bwa porogaramu busaba imbaraga zihuse.

Iyo umuzenguruko wo hanze ubyemereye, capacitor irashobora gusohora ingufu zabitswe, ikarekura amafaranga yegeranijwe. Ubu buryo bwo gusohora bushobora guha imbaraga ibice bitandukanye mukuzunguruka, bitewe nubushobozi bwa capacitor hamwe nibisabwa byumuzunguruko.

Ubushobozi bwa AC na DC

Imyitwarire ya capacator iratandukanye cyane hagati yumurongo utaziguye (DC) nu guhinduranya amashanyarazi (AC), bigatuma ibice bitandukanye muburyo bwa elegitoroniki.

1. Ubushobozi bwa DC: Mumuzunguruko wa DC, iyo capacitor ihujwe nisoko ya voltage, ubanza yemerera amashanyarazi gutemba nkuko yishyuye. Nka capacitor yishyuza, voltage hejuru yamasahani yayo iriyongera, irwanya voltage yakoreshejwe. Amaherezo, voltage hejuru ya capacitori ihwanye na voltage yakoreshejwe, hanyuma imigendekere ihagarara, icyo gihe capacitor irishyurwa byuzuye. Kuri iki cyiciro, capacitor ikora nkumuzunguruko ufunguye, uhagarika neza ikindi kintu cyose kigenda.Uyu mutungo ukoreshwa mubisabwa nko koroshya ihindagurika mubikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi, aho ubushobozi bushobora gushungura imvururu muri voltage ya DC, bigatanga umusaruro uhamye.
2. Ubushobozi mumashanyarazi ya AC: Mumuzunguruko wa AC, voltage ikoreshwa kuri capacitori ihora ihindura icyerekezo. Ihinduka rya voltage ritera ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya no gusohora hamwe na buri cyiciro cyikimenyetso cya AC. Kubera iyi myitwarire, ubushobozi bwumuzunguruko wa AC butuma amashanyarazi ya AC anyura mugihe ahagarika icyaricyo cyoseIbigize DC.Inzitizi
   $ZZ$

    

   Z ya capacitor mumuzunguruko wa AC itangwa na:

    

   $Z\; =\; 12\pi fCZ\; =\; \backslash \; frac\; \{1\}\; \{2\; \backslash \; pi\; fC\}$

    
   

Ahof ni inshuro yikimenyetso cya AC. Iri gereranya ryerekana ko inzitizi ya capacitor igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshuro, bigatuma ubushobozi bwingirakamaro mugushungura porogaramu aho zishobora guhagarika ibimenyetso bito (nka DC) mugihe byemerera ibimenyetso byihuta (nka AC) kunyura.

Porogaramu Ifatika Yubushobozi

Ubushobozi ni ntangarugero mubikorwa byinshi mubice bitandukanye byikoranabuhanga. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubika no kurekura ingufu, gushungura ibimenyetso, no guhindura igihe cyumuzunguruko bituma biba ingenzi mubikoresho byinshi bya elegitoroniki.

1. Sisitemu yo gutanga amashanyarazi: Mu mashanyarazi atanga amashanyarazi, capacator zikoreshwa muguhindura ihindagurika rya voltage, bitanga umusaruro uhamye. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mubikoresho bisaba gutanga amashanyarazi ahoraho, nka mudasobwa na terefone. Imashanyarazi muri sisitemu ikora nk'ayunguruzo, ikurura imitoma no kwibira muri voltage kandi bigatuma amashanyarazi agenda neza.Byongeye kandi, capacator zikoreshwa mugutanga amashanyarazi adahagarara (UPS) kugirango zitange imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma mugihe gito. Imiyoboro minini, izwi nka supercapacitor, ikora cyane cyane muribi bikorwa kubera ubushobozi bwayo nubushobozi bwo gusohora vuba.
2. Gutunganya ibimenyetso: Muburyo bumwe, capacator zifite uruhare runini mugutunganya ibimenyetso. Bakoreshwa muyungurura kugirango banyure cyangwa bahagarike imirongo yihariye yumurongo, bashiraho ikimenyetso cyo gukomeza gutunganya. Kurugero, mubikoresho byamajwi, capacator zifasha muyungurura urusaku udashaka, kwemeza ko amajwi yifuzwa gusa yongerewe kandi akoherezwa.Ubushobozi bukoreshwa kandi muguhuza no gukuramo porogaramu. Muguhuza, capacitor yemerera ibimenyetso bya AC kuva kumurongo umwe wumuzunguruko ujya mubindi mugihe uhagarika ibice bya DC bishobora kubangamira imikorere yicyiciro gikurikira. Mugukuramo, capacator zishyirwa kumurongo wamashanyarazi kugirango zungurure urusaku kandi birinde ko bigira ingaruka kubintu byoroshye.
3. Kuringaniza imirongo: Muri sisitemu ya radio n'itumanaho, capacator zikoreshwa zifatanije na inductors kugirango zikore imiyoboro ya resonant ishobora guhuzwa na radiyo yihariye. Ubu bushobozi bwo kuringaniza nibyingenzi muguhitamo ibimenyetso byifuzwa bivuye kumurongo mugari, nko mubakira amaradiyo, aho ubushobozi bwifasha kwigunga no kongera ibimenyetso byinyungu.
4. Ibihe hamwe na Oscillator. Kwishyuza no gusohora ubushobozi bwa capacitori binyuze mumurwanya bituma habaho gutinda kwigihe, bishobora gukoreshwa mugutanga ibimenyetso byigihe cyangwa gukurura ibyabaye mugihe runaka.Inzira ya Oscillator, itanga imiyoboro ikomeza, nayo yishingikiriza kuri capacator. Muri iyi mizunguruko, ubushobozi bwa capacitori hamwe ninzinguzingo zisohora bitera ihindagurika rikenewe mugutanga ibimenyetso bikoreshwa mubintu byose uhereye kumaradiyo kugeza kuri synthesizeri yumuziki wa elegitoroniki.
5. Ububiko bw'ingufu: Supercapacitor, izwi kandi nka ultracapacitor, yerekana iterambere rikomeye muburyo bwo kubika ingufu. Ibi bikoresho birashobora kubika ingufu nyinshi no kubirekura byihuse, bigatuma bikenerwa mubisabwa bisaba gutanga ingufu byihuse, nko muri sisitemu yo gufata feri ivugurura mumodoka yamashanyarazi. Bitandukanye na bateri gakondo, supercapacator zifite igihe kirekire cyo kubaho, zirashobora kwihanganira ibihe byinshi-bisohora, kandi bikishyurwa vuba.Supercapacitor nazo zirimo gushakishwa kugirango zikoreshwe muri sisitemu y’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa, aho zishobora kubika ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba cyangwa imirasire y’umuyaga hanyuma zikayirekura igihe bikenewe, zifasha guhagarika umurongo w’amashanyarazi.
6. Imashanyarazi: Imashanyarazi ya electrolytike ni ubwoko bwa capacitor ikoresha electrolyte kugirango igere ku bushobozi burenze ubundi bwoko. Zikunze gukoreshwa mubisabwa aho ubushobozi bunini busabwa mubunini buto, nko mumashanyarazi yo kuyungurura no kongera amajwi. Nyamara, bafite igihe gito cyo kubaho ugereranije nizindi capacator, kuko electrolyte irashobora gukama mugihe, bigatuma habaho gutakaza ubushobozi no gutsindwa amaherezo.

Ibizaza hamwe nudushya muri tekinoroji ya Capacitor

Nkuko ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere, niko niterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji. Abashakashatsi barimo gushakisha ibikoresho bishya n'ibishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo barusheho kunoza imikorere ya capacator, bigatuma bakora neza, biramba, kandi bashoboye kubika ingufu nyinshi.

1. Nanotehnologiya: Iterambere muri nanotehnologiya riganisha ku iterambere rya capacator hamwe nibintu byongerewe imbaraga. Ukoresheje nanomateriali, nka graphene na carbone nanotubes, abashakashatsi barashobora gukora capacator zifite ingufu nyinshi kandi byihuta-bisohora ibintu. Ibi bishya bishobora kuganisha kuri capacator ntoya, zikomeye zikoreshwa mugukoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa hamwe nibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.
2. Ubushobozi bukomeye bwa leta. Izi capacator zitanga ubwizerwe, kuramba, no gukora neza mubushyuhe bwinshi ugereranije nubushobozi bwa electrolytike.
3. Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye kandi byambara: Mugihe tekinoroji ishobora kwambara hamwe na elegitoroniki yoroheje igenda ikundwa cyane, harikenewe kwiyongera kubushobozi bushobora kwunama no kurambura nta gutakaza imikorere. Abashakashatsi barimo gukora ubushobozi bworoshye bwifashisha ibikoresho nka polymers ikora na firime zirambuye, bigafasha uburyo bushya mubuvuzi, ubuzima bwiza, hamwe na elegitoroniki y’abaguzi.
4. Gusarura Ingufu: Imashini zifite kandi uruhare mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusarura ingufu, aho zikoreshwa mu kubika ingufu zafashwe ziva mu bidukikije, nk'izuba, izuba, cyangwa ubushyuhe. Sisitemu irashobora gutanga imbaraga kubikoresho bito cyangwa sensor ahantu kure, bikagabanya ibikenerwa na bateri gakondo.
5. Ubushobozi bwo hejuru: Hariho ubushakashatsi burimo gukorwa mubushobozi bushobora gukora ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, bukaba ari ingenzi cyane mubisabwa mu kirere, mu modoka, no mu nganda. Izi capacator zikoresha ibikoresho bya dielectric bigezweho bishobora kwihanganira ibihe bikabije, bigatuma imikorere yizewe mubidukikije bikaze.

Umwanzuro

Ubushobozi ni ibintu by'ingenzi mu bikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho, bigira uruhare runini mu kubika ingufu, gutunganya ibimenyetso, gucunga ingufu, no kuzenguruka ibihe. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo kubika no kurekura ingufu byihuse bituma bakora kuburyo budasanzwe muburyo butandukanye bwa porogaramu, kuva koroshya amashanyarazi kugeza ubushobozi bwimikorere ya sisitemu yitumanaho igoye. Mugihe ikoranabuhanga rikomeje gutera imbere, iterambere ryibishushanyo mbonera hamwe nibikoresho byizeza kwagura ubushobozi bwabo kurushaho, bigatera udushya mubice nkingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye, hamwe na mudasobwa ikora neza. Gusobanukirwa uburyo capacator zikora, no gushima impinduka ningaruka zabyo, bitanga umusingi wo gucukumbura urwego runini kandi rugenda rwiyongera rwa electronics.